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Location : Publications > Statistical Profiles 2005 > Francophone Racial Minorities in Ontario
Francophone Racial Minorities in Ontario — Statistical Profile
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGY
DEMOGRAPHY
EDUCATION
THE LABOUR MARKET
INCOME
GLOSSARY AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION
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INTRODUCTION
The Office of Francophone Affairs (OFA) is pleased to present its statistical profile of Francophone racial minorities in Ontario, which is based on the 2001 Statistics Canada Census.
This profile gives a statistical overview of Ontario Francophones who are members of a racial minority. Four other profiles dealing with Francophones in Ontario, Francophone Youth in Ontario, Francophone Women in Ontario and Francophone Seniors in Ontario are also available. They provide a closer examination of data related to specific segments of the Francophone population of Ontario.
Here are a few highlights of this review of the statistics on Francophone racial minorities:
- Of the individuals who make up Ontario's Francophone population, 10.3% are members of a racial minority.
- Close to 60% of Francophones from racial minorities live in Central Ontario, while one third live in Eastern Ontario.
- Close to three quarters of Francophones from racial minorities are born outside the country, compared to 6.8% of the general Francophone population and 27.9% of the total population of the province.
- Of the Francophones from racial minorities who were born in other countries, 31.5% were born in Africa, 30.5% in Asia, and 18% in the Middle East.
- The level of education of Francophones from racial minorities tends to be higher than for Francophones in general, racial minorities overall, and the province's population as a whole.
- The unemployment rate among Francophones from racial minorities is distinctly higher than among the Francophone population as a whole and racial minorities in general.
- The employment income of Francophones from racial minorities is lower than that of Francophones in general.
- The percentage of individuals who live below the low-income cut-off is twice as high among Francophones from racial minorities as among the general Francophone population. This percentage is also higher than among racial minorities as a whole.
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METHODOLOGY
This profile of Ontario Francophone racial minorities is based on the findings of the 2001 Statistics Canada Census. In some instances, reference is also made to the 1996 Census.
To identify Francophones who are members of a racial minority, the Office of Francophone Affairs used the variable racial minority combined with the variable French as the first official language spoken, rather than the variable French mother tongue. The variable French as the first official language spoken is calculated using the answers to three questions on the questionnaire with respect to mother tongue, language spoken in the home, and knowledge of the official languages.
The study considers a number of variables, including socio-demographic characteristics, level of education, labour force participation and income. With the exception of certain demographic data, most of the statistics apply to Francophones from racial minorities aged 15 and over.
Two forms were used in the 2001 Census. The short form (Profile 2A) was distributed to the entire population (100%) and included a question on mother tongue. The long form (Profile 2B) was distributed to a sample of 20% of the population and included more detailed questions on such topics as level of education, income, participation in the job market, etc. The data that were used to develop our profile were drawn exclusively from the long form (Profile 2B).
In order to paint a more accurate picture of Francophone racial minorities, we compared them to the Francophone population in general and to all racial minorities in Ontario combined. The differences that are identified in this profile have not been tested statistically and should be considered indicators of possible trends.
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DEMOGRAPHY
REPRESENTATION
According to the 2001 Census data, 58,520 Francophones in Ontario belong to a racial minority – an increase of 41.9% between 1996 and 2001. Their numbers have grown in all of the regions. Overall they make up 10.3% of the province's Francophone population 1. By comparison, racial minorities represent 19.1% of the province's total population. As is true for the members of racial minorities in general, racial minority Francophones represent a larger percentage of the Francophone population in Central Ontario (21.2% or over one in five). They represent 8.8% of the Francophone population in Eastern Ontario, 8.5% in Southwestern Ontario, and less than 1% in Northern Ontario. Francophones from racial minorities account for one Francophone in three in the Toronto region, 29% of Francophones in Peel Region and 26.4% of Francophones in York Region. They account for more than one Francophone in seven in the Ottawa and Hamilton regions (14.1% and 15.6% respectively).
Francophone racial minorities represent 2.7% of all racial minorities in Ontario. This percentage is higher in Eastern Ontario (13.1%) and Northeastern Ontario (9.5%). In the other regions, Francophone racial minorities represent less than 5% of all racial minorities combined.
- The variable French as the first official language spoken was used instead of the variable French mother tongue to estimate the number of Francophones who were members of a racial minority as a percentage of the total Francophone population. [BACK]
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REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION
Central Ontario accounts for 59.6% of all Francophones from racial minorities in the province, while Eastern Ontario accounts for 34.4%. The other regions account for less than 5% of Francophones from racial minorities in the province.
By comparison, 25% 2 of all Francophones, 88% of all members of racial minorities, and 66.7% of the total population of the province live in Central Ontario. Eastern Ontario accounts for 41.2% of all Francophones, 7.2% of all racial minorities, and 13.5% of the total population of the province.
- The value differs slightly from the one provided in the document Francophones in Ontario because it is based on data from the Pofile 2B instead of Profile 2A. [BACK]
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AGE GROUPS
Compared to the Francophone population in general, Francophones who belong to racial minorities are distinctly younger. They are overrepresented in the age groups 0 to 19 (38.7% compared to 19.6%) and 20 to 39 (35.3% compared to 27.6%), while they are underrepresented in the other age groups, i.e. in the age groups 40 to 64 (22.4% compared to 38.4%) and 65 and over (3.6% compared to 14.4%). The same relationship is noted between racial minorities in general and the population as a whole, except that the differences are less pronounced than in the Francophone population.
Women make up 51.4% of Francophone racial minorities in the province. Compared to their male counterparts, they are overrepresented in the age groups 0 to 19 (39.9% compared to 37.4%) and 20 to 39 (36.9% compared to 33.6%) and underrepresented in the older age groups, i.e. 40 to 64 (20.1% compared to 24.9%) and 65 and over (3.1% compared to 4%).
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MOBILITY AND IMMIGRATION
Between the 1996 Census and the 2001 Census, 16,935 Francophones from racial minorities settled in Ontario. Of these, 6,275 came from other Canadian provinces and 10,660 from outside the country.
Between 1996 and 2001, more than three in five Francophones from racial minorities came from another country (62.9%), while one in three came from Quebec (33.1%). By comparison, only 4.9% of all people from racial minorities who settled in Ontario during this time came from Quebec. The vast majority were from another country (89.4%).
More than two in five of the Francophones from racial minorities 20 years of age or older, who came from Quebec, settled in the Ottawa area (40.2%), while close to one third settled in the Toronto area (31.3%). Of those from other countries, close to two thirds (66%) settled in Central Ontario and more than one quarter (27.2%) in Eastern Ontario. Toronto and Ottawa were the main host communities for these newcomers (44.1% and 26.4%). Between 1996 and 2001, more than half (55.2%) of all Francophone newcomers from other countries settled in Central Ontario and over one third (35.9%) in Eastern Ontario. Central Ontario is host to even larger proportions of immigrants from racial minorities and immigrants in general (87.5% and 83.9% respectively).
Francophones from racial minorities constitute basically an immigrant population. Close to three quarters of Ontario's Francophones from racial minorities are immigrants (73.2%). In the general Francophone population, this percentage is only 6.4%, and for the total population of the province, it is 28.3%. However, we do find important regional variations. The percentage of Francophone immigrants from racial minorities is highest in Central and Southwestern Ontario (75.5% and 75.6%) and lowest in Northeastern and Northwestern Ontario (40.8% and 14.3%).
Over one quarter of Francophone immigrants from racial minorities obtained immigrant status between 1996 and 2001 (28.8%). This percentage is distinctly higher than for the general Francophone population (17.5%). It is also higher than for all racial minorities in the province combined (25.9%).
The same phenomenon can be seen region by region. The percentage of Francophone immigrants from racial minorities who obtained immigrant status between1996 and 2001 ranges from 37% in Southwestern Ontario to 20.4% in Northeastern Ontario [*Excluding Northwestern Ontario, where the number of Francophone immigrants who are members of a racial minority is relatively low]. The corresponding regional percentages in the general Francophone population are 20.7% and 5.2%.
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PLACE OF BIRTH
In terms of their place of birth, Francophones from racial minorities differ distinctly from the general Francophone population. Less than one in five Francophones from racial minorities was born in Ontario (19%), compared to 65.1% of the Francophone population as a whole. A similar gap can be seen among Ontario Francophones from Quebec: 5.9% of the Francophones from racial minorities were born in Quebec, compared to 22.7% of Francophones in general.
Almost three in four Francophones from racial minorities were born in another country (74.3%), compared to 6.8% of all Francophones combined. The percentages are comparable for racial minorities in general and Francophone racial minorities in particular (71.8% compared to 74.3%). The corresponding percentage for the total population of the province is 27.9%.
Of the Francophones from racial minorities who were born in another country, 31.5% were born in Africa, 30.5% in Asia, and 18% in the Middle East. In the general Francophone population, 43.9% came from Europe, 28.6% from Africa, 5.9% from Asia, and 7.1% from the Middle East. By contrast, 59.7% of all members of racial minorities born in other countries were born in Asia and 7.7% were born in Africa and the Middle East.
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EDUCATION
LEVELS OF EDUCATION
The level of education of Francophones from racial minorities tends to be higher than for Francophones in general, all racial minorities combined, and for the province's population as a whole.
Postsecondary Education
Over two thirds of Francophone racial minorities have pursued a postsecondary education (67.8%). This percentage is distinctly higher than for Francophones in general (52.2%), all racial minorities combined (60%), and the province's population as a whole (55.9%).
The percentage with a university degree is also higher among Francophone racial minorities than among the other groups. Thus, the percentage of Francophones from racial minorities who hold an undergraduate or graduate degree is 31.7%, compared to 14.7% for Francophones in general, 24.5% for all racial minorities combined, and 17.5% for the province's general population as a whole. This holds true for both sexes.
The gap between the sexes is more pronounced among Francophone racial minorities than among the other groups, however. The percentage of members from Francophone racial minorities with a university degree is higher for men than for women (36.2% compared to 27.4%). It is also higher for men from racial minorities in general (27.3% for men compared to 21.9% for women) and for men in the general population (18.4% compared to 16.7%). The reverse is true for the general Francophone population – more women than men have a university degree (15.1% compared to 14.2%).
Graduate Studies
The percentage of individuals with an undergraduate degree who pursue graduate studies is higher among Francophone racial minorities (41.2%) than in the general Francophone population (37.3%), all racial minorities combined (30.6%), and the population of the province as a whole (33.7%). This observation holds true for both sexes.
Men are more likely than women to pursue graduate studies after obtaining an undergraduate degree, and the gap between the sexes is widest among Francophone racial minorities (46.8% compared to 34.4%).
Along the same lines, members of Francophone racial minorities are more likely to have a Master's degree or a PhD (9.7%) than members of the general Francophone population (3.4%), all racial minorities combined (5.5%) and the general population of the province (3.8%). This holds true for both sexes.
Men are more likely to have a Master's degree or a PhD than women, however, the gap between the sexes is widest among Francophone racial minorities (13.6% compared to 6%) and narrowest in the general Francophone population (4.1% compared to 2.8%). For all of Ontario's racial minorities combined, these percentages are 7.4% for men and 3.8% for women.
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FIELD OF STUDY
Postsecondary Education
Diploma/Certificate
Francophone racial minorities differ from the general Francophone population in the sciences. They are overrepresented in Engineering and the Applied Sciences (11.6% compared to 3.2%) and in Mathematics, Computer and the Physical Sciences (9% compared to 3%). The percentage of individuals from Francophone racial minorities in these fields of study is similar to that of all racial minorities in Ontario combined. However, there is a difference between Francophone racial minorities and all racial minorities combined in the fields of Literature and the Humanities (10.6% compared to 6.3%) and the Social Sciences (13.3% compared to 9.8%). In these fields, they are also overrepresented when compared to the general Francophone population.
These observations hold true for both sexes. Compared to the general Francophone population, Francophone racial minorities are underrepresented in the field of Education (6.3% compared to 12.3%) and Engineering and Applied Sciences (10.2% compared to 22.4%). The percentage of members of Francophone racial minorities in the field of Education is comparable to that of racial minorities in general (6.3% compared to 5.9%). However, in the field of Engineering and Applied Sciences, members of Francophone racial minorities are underrepresented compared to members of racial minorities in general (10.2% compared to 14.4%).
In the field of Education, the percentages of men and women from Francophone racial minorities are also lower than for their male and female counterparts in the general Francophone population (for women: 8.6% compared to 17.8%; for men: 4.2% compared to 6.2%). Francophone men from racial minorities with training in Engineering and Applied Sciences are equally underrepresented compared to men in the general Francophone population (15.4% compared to 42.1%), while their female counterparts are overrepresented compared to Francophone women in general (4.6% compared to 4.4%).
For all Francophone racial minorities combined, the percentage of individuals in the field of Health is slightly lower than in the general Francophone population (9.8% compared to 10.4%). A look at the data by gender, however, changes the picture. Among Francophone racial minorities, men are overrepresented in this field compared to their male counterparts in the general Francophone population (7.3% compared to 4%), while for women the opposite is true (12.6% compared to 16.3%). The percentage of Francophone minority women in the field of Health is also lower than for women from all racial minorities combined (12.6% compared to 16%). For men, the percentage is higher than for men from all racial minorities combined (7.3% compared to 5.9%).
At least a Bachelor's degree
Compared to the general Francophone population, members of Francophone racial minorities with an undergraduate degree are overrepresented in the fields of Engineering and Applied Sciences (18.3% compared to 8%) and Mathematics, Computer and the Physical Sciences (12.8% compared to 6.9%). This is true for both sexes.
Compared to the Francophone population in general, Francophone racial minorities are also overrepresented in the field of Commerce, Management and Business Administration (16.8% compared to 15.6%). However, the ratios differ depending on the sex. Women are overrepresented compared to their counterparts in the general Francophone population (17.6% compared to 12%), whereas men are underrepresented (16.3% compared to 19.9%).
Compared to Francophones in general, Francophones from racial minorities are distinctly underrepresented in the field of Education (6.3% compared to 22.5%) and this holds true for both sexes. The percentage of members of Francophone racial minorities in this field of study is similar to that for all racial minorities combined (6.3% compared to 5.9%) and this also holds true for both sexes.
Unlike postsecondary graduates, Francophones from racial minorities with at least a Bachelor's degree are underrepresented, compared to the general Francophone population, in the Social Sciences (16.6% compared to 19.2%) and in Literature and the Humanities (13.7% compared to15%). However, for the latter field, the ratios are different depending on the gender. Men are underrepresented compared to their male counterparts in the general Francophone population (8.1% compared to 11.9%) and women are overrepresented compared to their female counterparts in the general Francophone population (21% compared to 17.6%).
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THE LABOUR MARKET
LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION
The labour force participation rate is the total active population, i.e. individuals with a job or looking for a job, as a percentage of the total population 15 years of age and over. The participation rate for Francophones from racial minorities is higher than for Francophones in general (66.5% compared to 64.6%), but lower than for racial minorities as a group (66.5% compared to 67.5%). This is true for both men and women.
The participation rate for Francophones from racial minorities is higher than for Francophones in general in all regions except in Central Ontario (65.5% compared to 69.3%). Eastern Ontario has the highest participation rate (69.2%) and Southwestern Ontario the lowest (61.6%) [*Excluding Northwestern Ontario, where the participation rate is relatively low].
Under 45 years of age, the participation rate for Francophones from racial minorities is lower than for Francophones in general. The opposite is true in the 45-and-over category. For the majority of age groups, the gap between the participation rate for Francophones belonging to a racial minority and that of the general Francophone population is relatively wide.
The same phenomenon is noted when participation rates for Francophones from racial minorities and those for members of racial minorities in general are compared. The rates are lower for Francophones from racial minorities under 45 years of age, but higher for those aged 45 and over. However, the gap between the participation rates of Francophones from racial minorities and members of racial minorities in general is narrower than between Francophones from racial minorities and Francophones in general.
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UNEMPLOYMENT RATE
The unemployment rate is the percentage of the active population that is unemployed compared to the total active population. The unemployment rate of Francophones from racial minorities is almost twice as high as for Francophones in the general population (11.2% compared to 6.1%). It is higher than for Francophones or for members from racial minorities in general, and this is true for both sexes.
The unemployment rate is higher than for Francophones as a whole in all regions, with the widest gap being found in Southwestern Ontario (16.8% compared to 4.9%). The gap is also relatively wide in other regions of the province (13.9% compared to 4.7% in Eastern Ontario; 18.8% compared to 9.3% in Northeastern Ontario; 9.1% compared to 5.7% in Central Ontario). The unemployment rate for Francophones from racial minorities is highest in Northeastern Ontario and lowest in Central Ontario [*Idem.].
As is true for the population as a whole and for racial minorities as a group, the unemployment rate of Francophone women from racial minorities is higher than that of their male counterparts. The opposite is true for Francophones in general, where women enjoy a lower unemployment rate than men.
With the exception of those aged 65 and over, Francophones from racial minorities have a higher unemployment rate than the Francophone population as a whole. Furthermore, except for those aged 20 to 24, they also have a higher unemployment rate than members from racial minorities in general. However, the gap in unemployment rates between Francophones from racial minorities and racial minorities in general is narrower than the one between Francophones from racial minorities and Francophones in the general population.
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OCCUPATIONS
Compared to Francophones in the general population, Francophones from racial minorities are overrepresented in occupations related to the Natural sciences. They are underrepresented in Management, Trades, transport, and equipment operations, as well as in Primary industry occupations. These observations hold true for both sexes.
Compared to their female counterparts in the Francophone population, Francophone women from racial minorities are overrepresented in occupations related to Processing, manufacturing and utilities (6.6% compared to 3.3%). However, they are underrepresented in the Social sciences, education, government services and religion (11.4% compared to 14.1%). The opposite is true when they are compared to women from racial minorities in general: they are overrepresented compared to the latter in the Social sciences, education, government services and religion (11.4% compared to 7.3%) and underrepresented in occupations related to Processing, manufacturing and utilities (6.6% compared to 12.8%).
Francophone men from racial minorities are overrepresented, compared to their Francophone counterparts in the general population, in Business, finance, and administration (14.7% compared to 9.9%), Sales and services (20.9% compared to17.4%), the Social sciences, education, government services and religion (8% compared to 5.7%) and the Health Sector (4% compared to 1.8%). Except in the Sales and services sector, they are also overrepresented compared to men from racial minorities in general.
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LANGUAGE SPOKEN IN THE WORKPLACE
In 2001, Statistics Canada introduced a new question into the long form regarding the language spoken at work. The purpose of this variable is to measure the language spoken in the workplace by the active population aged 15 and over.
Only one in five Francophones from racial minorities reported that they spoke French most often at work. This proportion is lower than for Francophones in the general population (19.7% compared to 33.5%). Two out of five Francophones from racial minorities reported that they spoke French at work (French spoken most often or regularly). This percentage is also lower than for the general Francophone population (40.1% compared to 67.4%).
Francophone women from racial minorities are proportionally more likely than their male counterparts to speak French in the workplace (44.6% compared to 36.3%). The same phenomenon is noted in the general Francophone population (71.3% compared to 63.8%).
Among Francophones from racial minorities, the percentage that speaks French in the workplace is lowest in the age groups 15 to 24 and 55 and over. This is different than for Francophones in the general population. There the percentage of young people aged 15 to 24 that speaks French is similar to the percentage recorded in the other age groups under 55.
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INCOME
EMPLOYMENT INCOME
Income Levels Compared to the total Francophone population, Francophones from racial minorities are overrepresented in the income categories under $30,000 and underrepresented in the income categories over $30,000.
Compared to members from racial minorities in general, racial minority Francophones are overrepresented in the income categories under $10,000 (30% compared to 25.2%) and over $50,000 (17.1% compared to 15.7%). They are underrepresented in the middle-income categories, i.e. from $20,000 to $40,000.
Compared to their male counterparts, Francophone women from racial minorities are underrepresented in the income categories over $40,000. This male-female relationship is also found in the general Francophone population and among racial minorities as a whole.
Average Income
The average income of Francophones from racial minorities is lower than for Francophones in the general population ($29,039 compared to $35,796). It is slightly higher than for racial minorities in general ($29,039 compared to $28,978). However, the median employment income for Francophones from racial minorities is substantially lower than for Francophones in the general population ($21,117 compared to $30,054) and for racial minorities in general in the province ($21,117compared to$23,990).
Francophone women from racial minorities have a lower average annual income than their female counterparts in the general Francophone population ($22,161 compared to $28,731). It is also lower than that of women belonging to racial minorities in general ($22,161 compared to $23,840). The average employment income of Francophone men from racial minorities is lower than that of Francophone men in general ($35,039 compared to $42,593), but higher than that of men from all racial minorities combined ($35,039 compared to $33,728).
The male-female wage gap is wider among Francophones from racial minorities than among Francophones and racial minorities in general. In fact, the average employment income of Francophone women from racial minorities represents 63.2% of the average income of their male counterparts ($22,161 compared to $35,039). Among Francophones in general, the average woman's income represents 67.5% of the average income of her male counterparts ($28,731 versus $42,593). It represents 70.7% of the income of men from racial minorities in general ($23,840 versus $33,728).
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TOTAL INCOME
Levels of Income
Compared to the total Francophone population, Francophones from racial minorities are overrepresented in the income categories under $20,000 and underrepresented in those over $20,000.
As with employment income, Francophones from racial minorities are overrepresented, compared to racial minorities in general, in the income categories under $10,000 (34.5% compared to 30.4%) and over $50,000 (15% compared to 13.6%). They are underrepresented in the middle-income categories, i.e., from $20,000 to $40,000. Francophone women from racial minorities are underrepresented, compared to their male counterparts, in total income categories over $20,000, especially in the $50,000 and over category (8.2% compared to 22.2%). A similar relationship is found between the genders in the general Francophone population and the province's racial minorities as a whole.
Average Income
In 2001, the average total income of Francophones from racial minorities was lower than for Francophones in the general population ($26,809 compared to $33,400). As with employment income, it is slightly higher than for members of racial minorities in general ($26,809 compared to $26,409). Again, as with employment income, the median total income of Francophones from racial minorities is substantially lower than for Francophones in the general population ($17,932 compared to $26,816) and for members from racial minorities in general ($17,932 compared to $20,059).
Francophone women from racial minorities have an average total income that is lower than that of their female counterparts in the general Francophone population ($20,029 compared to $25,773). It is also lower than that of women from racial minorities in general ($20,029 compared to $21,372). Francophone men from racial minorities have an average total income that is lower than that of Francophone men ($33,997 compared to $41,542) but higher than that of men from racial minorities in general ($33,997 compared to $31,627).
The average total income of Francophone women from racial minorities represents 58.9% of the income of their male counterparts ($20,029 compared to $33,997). The gap between men and women in terms of total income is wider among racial minority Francophones than among Francophones in the general population or among racial minorities as a whole. In fact, the average total income for Francophone women represents 62% of that of their male counterparts ($25,773 compared to $41,542), while the income of women from racial minorities in general represents 67.6% of that of their male counterparts ($21,372 compared to $31,627).
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FAMILY INCOME
Compared to the total Francophone population, Francophones from racial minorities are overrepresented in the family income categories under $50,000 and underrepresented in the income categories over $50,000.
Income gaps between Francophone racial minorities and racial minorities in the general population are smaller than those between Francophone racial minorities and the general Francophone population of the province. Compared to racial minorities in general, Francophone racial minorities are overrepresented in the income categories under $20,000 and overrepresented in the income categories between $50,000 and $70,000. However, the percentages are fairly similar to those for racial minorities in income categories over $70,000.
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PRIMARY SOURCE OF INCOME
Employment income is the main source of income for the majority of Francophones from racial minorities (71.2%). It is also the main source of income for Francophones in general (68.6%), racial minorities (72.9%), and the population as a whole (71.9%).
Nearly one in four Francophones from racial minorities depends on government transfers as their main source of income (23.2%). This percentage is higher than for Francophones in the general population or for racial minorities as a whole (21.5% and 21.3% respectively).
As is true for Francophones and racial minorities in general, significant gaps are noted between men and women. A lower percentage of women than men reported employment as their primary source of income (65.2% compared to 77.6%). A higher percentage of women also depends on government transfers as their primary source of income (28.3% compared to 17.7%).
The percentage of Francophone women from racial minorities whose primary source of income is employment is similar to that for Francophone women in the general population (65.2% compared to 65.6%) but lower than that for racial minorities as a group (67.6%). The percentage of Francophone women from racial minorities for whom government transfers are the primary source of income is higher than for Francophone women and women from racial minorities in general (28.3%, 25.1%, and 26% respectively).
Among Francophone men from racial minorities, the percentage that reported employment as their main source of income is higher than for their male counterparts in the general Francophone population, but slightly lower than for racial minorities in general (77.6%, 71.7%, and 78.4% respectively). The percentage that depends on government transfers as their primary source of income is similar to the percentage for Francophone men, but higher than that for their male counterparts in racial minorities in general (17.7%, 17.6%, and 16.5% respectively).
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LOW-INCOME CUT-OFF
The percentage of Francophones from racial minorities living below the lowincome cut-off is more than twice that for Francophones in general (33.7% compared to 14.1%). It is also higher than that for all racial minorities combined (25.9%). This observation holds true for both sexes.
The percentage of Francophones from racial minorities living below the lowincome cut-off decreases with age: 45.4% for ages 0 - 4 and 17.8% for those 65 and over. Variations based on age are less significant among Francophones in the general population and racial minorities in general, than among Francophones from racial minorities.
The percentage of Francophones from racial minorities living below the lowincome cut-off is higher than for Francophones or racial minorities in general in all age groups, except 65 and over. For this age group, the percentage living below the low-income cut-off is similar to that of Francophones in general (17.8%), but lower than that for all racial minorities combined (17.8% and 21.9%).
The percentage of Francophones from racial minorities living below the lowincome cut-off is higher among women than men (34.8% compared to 32.5%). The same phenomenon is noted among the general Francophone population (15.8% compared to 12.3%) and racial minorities in general (26.7% compared to 25.2%). Among Francophones, this relationship between the sexes is seen in all age groups. This is not the case for Francophones from racial minorities, where the percentage living below the low-income cut-off is higher for males than for females under 15 years of age. The opposite is true for Francophones from racial minorities aged 15 and over.
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GLOSSARY AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION
DEFINITIONS
Definitions have been taken from the 2001 Census Dictionary and Census Consultation Guide of Statistics Canada.
Average Income
The average income refers to the mean income of individuals 15 years of age and over who reported income for 2000. Average income is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of a specified group of individuals by the number of individuals with income in that group.
Census Family Income
The total income of a census family is the sum of the total incomes of all members of the family 15 years of age and over during the calendar year 2000. The income includes wages and salaries, net farm income from selfemployment, net non-farm income from unincorporated business and/or professional practice, government transfer payments, investment income, retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities and other money income (Form 2B variable).
Employment Income
Employment income refers to total income received by persons 15 years of age and over during the calendar year 2000 as wages and salaries, net income from a non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice and net farm self-employment income (Form 2B variable).
First Official Language Spoken
First official language spoken refers to the variable specified within the framework of the implementation of the federal government's Official Languages Act, Canada. Knowledge of Official Languages, Mother Tongue and Home Language were used to derive the First Official Language Spoken variable.
The Francophone racial minority population is estimated using the Racial Minority variable in combination with the French First Official Language Spoken variable. This variable yields a more adequate representation of the Francophone population from racial minorities than the mother tongue variable.
Francophone Population
Francophones are defined by the mother tongue Census question: What was the language first learned at home in childhood and still understood? In this document, Francophones include persons with French as their mother tongue or as one of their mother tongues (French single and multiple responses).
Francophone Racial Minority Population
The Francophone racial minority population is estimated using the Racial Minority variable in combination with the French First Official Language Spoken variable, rather than French Mother Tongue. French First Official Language Spoken variable is a derived variable from three questions on the Census: Mother Tongue, Home Language and Knowledge of Official Languages.
French First Official Language Spoken variable yields results that are very comparable to those of the French Mother Tongue variable, where the Francophone population is concerned. However, it was found that when using it together with the Racial Minority variable, the First Official Language Spoken variable resulted in a more adequate representation of the Francophone racial minority population than the Mother Tongue variable alone.
Immigrant
An immigrant is a person who is or who has been a landed immigrant in Canada. "Year of immigration" refers to the year during which the individual obtained landed immigrant status for the first time, i.e. a person who has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities (Form 2B variable).
Labour Force
Labour force refers to persons 15 years of age and over who were employed or unemployed during the week (Sunday to Saturday) prior to Census Day. Employed persons include those who did any work for pay or in selfemployment. Unemployed persons include those who had actively looked for work in the past four weeks, persons who were on temporary lay-off and expected to return to their job and persons who had definite arrangements to start a new job in four weeks or less.
Language of Work
Refers to the language spoken most often or on a regular basis at work by the individual at the time of the Census. This is a new variable (Form 2B variable).
Level of Education
Level of education refers to the highest grade or year of elementary or secondary school completed, or the highest year of university or non-university completed. The completion of a degree, certificate or diploma is considered to be at a higher level than years completed or attended without obtaining a diploma. This is a variable on Form 2B that is compiled for individuals 15 years and over (Form 2B variable).
Low-Income Cut-Off
Respondents in private households whose income is less than or equal to the low-income cut-off. The low-income cut-off is based on the size of the household and the residential area.
Major Field of Study
Major field of study refers to the main discipline or area of learning or training of the person's highest postsecondary degree, certificate or diploma (Form 2B variable).
Median Income
Median income refers to the level at which the income of half of the individuals is below and the income of half of the individuals is above.
Mother Tongue
Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the individual at the time of the Census (Form 2A variable). In the 2B questionnaire, the mother tongue question was asked after the three other questions on language.
Occupation
Occupation refers to the type of work performed by the respondent during the reference week, as determined by their kind of work and the description of the most important duties in their job. Data on the occupations are generated using the Occupational Classification Manual for Statistics 2001 (2001 NOC-S) and consist of10 main occupational categories.
Participation Rate
The rate of labour force participation is the percentage of the total active population, or the population that is employed or looking for work, compared to the population aged 15 and over (Form 2B variable).
Primary Source of Income
Primary source of income refers to the source of income representing the largest proportion of the respondent's total income in 2000: employment income (salary, wages, and income derived from self-employment); investment income (dividends, interest, and other investment income); government transfers (old age security pension, guaranteed income supplement, CPP benefits, employment insurance benefits, child tax benefits, and other income from public sources); other income (retirement pensions, annuities, and other pecuniary income).
Racial Minority
According to the Federal Employment Equity Act (1986), racial (visible) minorities are persons (other than Aboriginal persons) who are non- Caucasian in race or non-white in colour. Since 1996, racial minority data are drawn from responses to a question on population groups. The following groups are included in the variable: Chinese, South Asian (e.g. East Indian, Pakistani, Punjabi, Sri Lankan), Black (e.g. African, Haitian, Jamaican, Somali), Arab/West Asian (e.g. Armenian, Egyptian, Iranian, Lebanese,Moroccan), Filipino, South East Asian (e.g. Cambodian, Indonesian, Laotian, Vietnamese), Latin American, Japanese, Korean and others (Form 2B variable).
Racial Minority Francophones
The Francophone racial minority population is estimated using the Racial Minority variable in combination with the French First Official Language Spoken variable, rather than French Mother Tongue. French First Official Language Spoken variable is a variable derived from three questions on the Census: Mother Tongue, Home Language and Knowledge of Official Languages.
The French First Official Language Spoken variable yields results that are very comparable to those of the French Mother Tongue variable, where the Francophone population is concerned. However, it was found that when using it together with the Racial Minority variable, the First Official Language Spoken variable resulted in a more adequate representation of the Francophone racial minority population than the Mother Tongue variable alone.
Total Per Capita Income
Total income refers to the total revenues received from the following sources during the calendar year 2000 by persons 15 years of age and over: total wages and salaries, net income from unincorporated non-farm business and/or professional practice, net farm self-employment income, government transfer payments (Old Age Security pension and Guaranteed Income Supplement, Canada Pension Plan and Quebec Pension Plan benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Federal Child Tax benefits, and other income from government sources), investment income (dividends, interest and other investment income), retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities and other money income (Form 2B variable).
Unemployment Rate
The unemployment rate refers to the unemployed labour force expressed as a percentage of the total labour force in the week (Sunday to Saturday) prior to Census Day (Form 2B variable).
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To request a free copy of this document, please contact:
Office of Francophone Affairs
Government of Ontario
777 Bay Street, 6th floor
Toronto, Ontario M7A 2J4
Tel.: 416 325-4949 or 1 800 268-7507 (toll free)
Fax: 416 325-4980
TTY: 416 325-0017
Email: ofa@ontario.ca
ISBN #: 0-7794-8697-8 (PDF)
Copyright Agreement:
Any reference made to this document must cite the Office of Francophone Affairs and Statistics Canada as the data source. This document or excerpts from this document can be copied, but are not to be sold.
September 2005
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