Francophones in Ontario

Statistical Profile – Francophones in Ontario

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION

In 1996, the Office of Francophone Affairs published a series of statistical profiles on Francophones, based on the findings of Statistics Canada's 1991 Census.

The Office of Francophone Affairs decided to publish an update, using data from the 1996 Census. This update provides a statistical overview of the Francophone population in Ontario. Three other updates, on Francophone Women, Francophone Youth and Francophone Seniors, will be published shortly. They analyse the data on specific segments of the Francophone population in greater detail.

Generally speaking, statistical data on Francophones has not changed unexpectedly between 1991 and 1996, and is in line with existing demographic projections.

Highlights:

The Francophone population decreased by nearly 5,000 between 1991 and 1996.

We have added a new section – regional characteristics – to provide a better understanding of regional differences in the Francophone population.

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METHODOLOGY

This profile of Ontario's francophone community is based on the findings of Statistics Canada's 1996 Census. Occasionally, the report refers to data taken from the 1991 Census.

The Office of Francophone Affairs defines Francophone on the basis of responses to the question concerning mother tongue: What is the language that the person first learned at home in childhood and still understands? For the purposes of this series of profiles, "Francophone" is anyone who gave French as sole mother tongue or as one of several mother tongues (single or multiple responses).

The study considers a number of variables, including demographic characteristics, rate of assimilation, education, employment and income. With the exception of some annotated data, most statistics concern persons aged 15 and over.

The 1996 Census used two forms. The short form (Form or Profile 2A) was distributed to the population as a whole (100%) and includes one question on mother tongue. The long form (Form or Profile 2B) was distributed to a cross-section of 20% of the population, and includes more detailed questions concerning education, income, employment, etc. Unless otherwise indicated, the data in this profile is taken from the long form (Form or Profile 2B).

Francophones were compared to the general Ontario population to highlight their relative positions. The differences identified in this update have not been tested statistically and are considered indicators of possible trends.

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DEMOGRAPHY

REPRESENTATION AND REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION

The Censuses show that the Francophone population in Ontario decreased by 4,960 between 1991 and 1996. Except for Eastern Ontario, which has grown by 2,450, the number of Francophones has decreased across Ontario. During this period, the percentage of Francophones in Eastern Ontario increased slightly from 40% to 40.8%, whereas the percentages in Southwestern and Northeastern Ontario decreased slightly (from 6.9% to 6.6% and from 27.8% to 27.5% respectively).

There are 542,340 Francophones in Ontario, and they represent 5% of the total population. The percentage of Francophones is higher in Northeastern (25.6%) and Eastern Ontario (15%). Although Francophones in Central Ontario make up only 1.8% of that region's total population, at 126,650, they represent 23.4% of the province's total Francophone population. The proportion of Francophones is higher in Eastern (40.8%) and Northeastern Ontario (27.5%), and lower in Northwestern (1.8%) and Southwestern Ontario (6.6%), whereas two-thirds of Ontario's general population is concentrated in Central Ontario (65.2%).

AGE GROUPS

From 1991 to 1996, the percentage of Francophones aged 65 and over increased from 12% to 13.6%, while it increased from 11.7% to 12.4% in the general population.

The Francophone population is older than the general population. Francophones are slightly under-represented in the 0-34 age group, and over-represented in the other groups; i.e., 35-65 and over. Southwestern Ontario has the highest percentage of Francophones aged 65 and over (21.8% compared to 13.8% of the general population). In the same region, the percentage of Francophones aged 45-64 is also relatively high in comparison to the general population (30.6% versus 21.2%) and to other regions of the province.

DESIGNATED AREAS

Most Francophones (81.7%) live in the 23 areas designated under Ontario's French Language Services Act, whereas only 50.4% of the province's total population lives in these areas.

CONCENTRATION IN RURAL AREAS

A higher percentage of Francophones live in rural areas (21.9%) than Ontarians as a whole (16.7%). However, fewer Francophones live in rural areas in a given region. These differences do not necessarily mean that Francophones are more drawn to rural environments. A large percentage of Francophones reside in Eastern and Northeastern Ontario, two regions that are more rural than Central Ontario and are home to nearly two-thirds of all Ontarians. The percentage of Francophones living in rural areas dropped from 22.3% to 21.9% between 1991 and 1996. In the general population the percentage dropped from 18.2% to 16.7%.

MOBILITY

Between the 1991 and 1996 Censuses, 27,765 Francophones moved to Ontario: 22,330 from other provinces in Canada, and 5,435 from outside Canada. Three out of five of these Francophones came from Quebec and one out of five from other countries.

More than one-third of the Francophones from Quebec, aged 15 and over, moved to the Ottawa-Carleton region, and more than 15% moved to the Toronto region. Nearly half (49.8%) of all Francophones from outside the country moved to Central Ontario, and 42.3% to Eastern Ontario. Ottawa-Carleton and Toronto are thus the major host communities for these newcomers.

The number of Francophones who moved to Ontario between 1991 and 1996 is lower than the number who moved here between 1986 and 1991 (27,765 compared to 40,665). The number of Francophones from other provinces also dropped substantially during the last census period (22,330 compared to 34,005).

RACIAL MINORITIES

The number of Francophones who belong to a racial minority increased from 22,700 to 28,825 between 1991 and 1996. The percentage increased in all regions except Northeastern Ontario.

Approximately 28,825 of Ontarians in the 1996 Census who declared French as their first official language spoken (refer to the Technical Information for the definition), said they belonged to a racial minority. Like racial minorities in general, Francophones from racial minorities are heavily concentrated in the Metropolitan Municipality of Toronto and the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton. They represent 22.5% of Toronto's Francophone population and 8.9% of Ottawa-Carleton's. Racial minorities overall comprise 37.3% of Toronto's population and 15% of Ottawa-Carleton's.

PLACE OF BIRTH

Two out of three Francophones were born in Ontario. Northeastern Ontario has the highest percentage of Francophones who were born in Ontario, and Central Ontario has the lowest. Nearly one-third of all Francophones in Central Ontario and Northwestern Ontario are from Quebec.

Only 5.5% of Francophones were born outside of Canada, compared to 26.6% of Ontario's general population. Central Ontario has the highest percentage of Francophones from outside Canada and Northeastern Ontario has the lowest. Slightly more than three out of four Francophones from racial minorities were born outside of the country (refer to the Technical Information for the definition).

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LANGUAGE RETENTION

Retention of mother tongue is assessed on the basis of the language spoken at home for persons whose mother tongue is French. In Ontario, three out of five Francophones use French at home (58.9%). Retention is higher in Eastern Ontario (71.1%) and Northeastern Ontario (69.2%), where there is a higher concentration of Francophones. It is noticeably lower in Southwestern Ontario (29.6%) and Central Ontario (34.3%). The percentage of Francophones who speak French at home decreased in all regions between 1991 and 1996, especially in Northeastern Ontario.

Francophone mothers play a key role in the preservation of the French language. When both parents' mother tongue is French, 93.3% of the children retain French. When only the mother has French as her mother tongue, 32.5% of the children retain French. When only the father has French as his mother tongue, 14.3% of the children retain French.

In "husband-and-wife" families with at least one Francophone partner, in 39.4% of these families, both partners are Francophones. The percentage was 45.7% in 1991. Therefore, linguistic intermarriage has increased, which is one factor in the decrease in retention of the language.

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EDUCATION

LEVEL OF SCHOOLING

The level of schooling of Francophones in Ontario tends to be lower than that of the general population.

Less than Grade 9

The percentage of Francophones who have less than a Grade 9 education is 15.2%, compared to 10% of the general population, a trend in all regions. The highest percentage of Francophones with less than Grade 9 education is in Northwestern Ontario (21.8%) and the lowest is in Eastern Ontario (12.5%). Less than Grade 9 education is a factor used in the analysis of illiteracy in a population.

High School Diploma

The percentage of Francophones with a high school diploma is lower than in the general population (62.3% compared to 66.9%). The difference is more pronounced in Northwestern and Southwestern Ontario (51.6% compared to 60.4%, and 56.3% compared to 64.4%).

Postsecondary Education

Among high school graduates, the percentage of Francophones with a postsecondary education is lower than the general population (76.2% compared to 78.2%). The difference is most pronounced in Eastern Ontario (74.3% compared to 78.8%). Central Ontario is the only region where the trend is reversed: Francophones are more likely to pursue a postsecondary education than the general population (81.6% compared to 78.8%).

Among Ontarians with a postsecondary education, Francophones have a lower rate of university education than the general population (42.2% compared to 46.5%), especially in Northwestern and Northeastern Ontario, where only 27% of Francophones with a postsecondary education attended university, compared to 37.4% and 33.8% of the general population.

Between 1991 and 1996, the percentage of Francophones with an undergraduate degree increased in all regions, especially Central Ontario (from 13.4% to 16.5%).

In Ontario, the percentage of Francophones with an undergraduate or graduate degree is lower than in the general population [Table 10]. Francophones with an undergraduate or graduate degree are under-represented in all regions except in Central Ontario, where 16.5% of Francophones have a university degree, compared to 15.9% of the general population.

Among those who attended university, the rate of completion of an undergraduate degree is more or less equivalent for Francophones and the general population (60.9% and 61.4%) in all regions except Northwestern Ontario, where 50.8% of Francophones who attended university obtained an undergraduate degree, compared to 54% of the general population.

Graduate Studies

The percentage of Francophones with an undergraduate degree who went on to graduate studies decreased between 1991 and 1996 in all regions except Northwestern Ontario, where it increased from 29.3% to 33%. The percentage in the general population decreased in all regions.

Among persons with an undergraduate degree, Francophones are more likely to pursue a graduate degree or certificate than their counterparts in the general population [Table 11] (35.5% compared to 32.7%), especially in Southwestern Ontario (39.1% of Francophones compared to 33.5% of the general population).

MAJOR FIELD OF STUDY

Between 1991 and 1996, the percentage of Francophones with a postsecondary certificate or degree in social sciences increased from 8.9% to 10%. A similar trend was evident in the general population (10.2% to 11.2% respectively).

More than two out of five Francophones with a postsecondary certificate or degree graduated in business, business management and administration or engineering and applied science techniques and trades. These percentages are similar in the general population. Francophones are under-represented in comparison to the general population in social sciences (10% compared to 11.2%), engineering and applied science (2.7% compared to 4.7%), and mathematics and physical science (3.1% compared to 3.8%). However, 12.4% of Francophones obtained a postsecondary certificate or degree in education, compared to 9.6% of the general population.

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JOB MARKET

LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION

The rate of labour force participation is the percentage of the total active population, or the population that is employed or looking for work, compared to the population aged 15 and over. Francophone labour force participation is slightly lower than that of the general population (57.8% compared to 60% for women, and 70.5% compared to 73% for men). Francophone labour force participation is markedly lower than that of the general population in Southwestern Ontario (58.5% compared to 66.4%), but it is slightly higher in Central Ontario (67.6% compared to 66.7%).

Francophone labour force participation decreased between 1991 and 1996 for both men and women, as it did in the general population.

UNEMPLOYMENT

The unemployment rate is the percentage of the active population that is unemployed compared to the total active population. The unemployment rate for Francophone men is slightly higher than for Francophone women. At the provincial level, Francophone men have a higher rate of unemployment than men in general (9.6% compared to 8.7%). Francophone women have a slightly lower rate of unemployment than women in general (9.2% compared to 9.6%).

Francophones have a higher rate of unemployment in Northern Ontario (Northeastern Ontario,12.1%; Northwestern Ontario, 10.8%) than in the other regions (Central Ontario, 8.1%; Eastern Ontario, 8.6%; Southwestern Ontario, 8.9%).

Between 1991 and 1996, unemployment increased from 8% to 9.2% for Francophone women and from 9.1% to 9.6% for Francophone men. There was also a relatively important increase in unemployment for women in the general population during the same period.

OCCUPATIONS

In general, Francophones are concentrated in the same categories of work as the general population, but there are some differences.

Francophone men are under-represented in the processing and manufacturing machine operators and assemblers category (6.2% compared to 7.9%). They are over-represented in the skilled occupations in primary industry (3.8% compared to 2.2%) and the transport, equipment operation, installation and maintenance category (23.8% compared to 21.4%). Francophone women are over-represented in skilled administrative and business occupations (12.2% compared to 10.8%) and in professional occupations in social science, education, government services and religion (10.8% compared to 7.7%). Like Francophone men, they are under-represented in the processing and manufacturing machine operators and assemblers category (2% compared to 4.1%).

Eastern Ontario has a higher percentage of Francophones in clerical occupations (13.6% compared to 11.1%). In Southwestern and Central Ontario, Francophones are over-represented in the education and social science category (Central Ontario, 8.6%, compared to 6% in the general population; Southwestern Ontario, 7.8%, compared to 5.4%). Northwestern Ontario has a higher percentage of Francophones in skilled occupations in primary industry (6.1% compared to 2.4%) and in intermediate occupations in transport, equipment operation, installation and maintenance (10.8% compared to 6.9%).

Between 1991 and 1996, the percentage of women and Francophone women in skilled administrative and business occupations dropped from 13% to 10.8% and from 14.7% to 12.2% respectively. The percentage of men in the trades and skilled transport and equipment operators category decreased from 16.6% to 14.5% for Francophones, and from 15.1% to 13.3% for the general population.

INDUSTRIAL DIVISIONS

The percentage of Francophones in the public sector decreased considerably between 1991 and 1996 (from 14.3% to 11.5%), as it did in the general population (7.6% to 5.6%).

The percentage of Francophones is lower in the manufacturing sector (12.8% compared to 17.1%) and the business services sector (5.8% compared to 7.6%). There is a higher concentration of Francophones in the public sector (11.5% compared to 5.6%) and in educational services (9.4% compared to 6.8%). Francophones are also over-represented in mining, quarrying and oil drilling (2% compared to 0.5%).

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INCOME

EMPLOYMENT INCOME

Income Levels

Francophones tend to be slightly under-represented in the under $30,000 income categories, and over-represented in the $40-70,000 income categories. They are under-represented in the over $70,000 category (5% compared to 5.4%).

Average Income

Francophones' average income is higher than the general population's ($29,527 compared to $28,838), especially in Southwestern Ontario ($30,586 compared to $26,457 for the general population).

The "wage gap" between men and women is smaller for Francophones. The average employment income of Francophone women is 68% of the average income of Francophone men ($23,710 compared to $35,002), whereas the average employment income of women in Ontario is 64% of the average employment income of men ($22,188 compared to $34,726).

Francophones' average employment income is slightly higher than the general population's in the 15-34 age group, but the reverse holds true in the 35-and-older age groups.

TOTAL INCOME

The total average individual income is lower for Francophones than for the general population ($27,044 compared to $27,309). The total average income of Francophone men is lower than that of male Ontarians in general ($32,915 and $33,599). The average income of Francophone women is higher than that of female Ontarians overall ($21,509 compared to $21,048). However their average income is 65% of the average income of Francophone men ($21,509 compared to $32,915), similar to the wage gap between men and women in Ontario in general. The total average income of women in Ontario is 63% of men's average income ($21,048 compared to $33,599).

Francophones' total average income is highest in Central Ontario and lowest in Northeastern Ontario. It is higher than the income of the general population in Central, Southwestern and Northwestern Ontario, particularly in Northwestern Ontario ($28,842 compared to $25,990). In the other regions, it is relatively close to the total average income of the general population.

FAMILY INCOME

Francophones' average family income, for both men and women, is lower than the general population's ($61,887 compared to $64,227). Francophone men's and women's average family income ($62,236 for men and $61,569 for women) is lower than the income of both men and women in the general population ($65,962 for men and $62,553 for women).

Francophones' average family income is highest in Central Ontario and lowest in Northeastern Ontario. It is lower than the general population's in all regions except Central and Northwestern Ontario.

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REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS

CENTRAL ONTARIO

Most Francophones (54%) who belong to a racial minority are concentrated in Central Ontario, where they represent almost 15% of the Francophone population. Three out of five Francophones in Central Ontario were born outside the province, and nearly one-third are from Quebec.

Francophones in Central Ontario are better off than the general population of the region. The percentage of Francophones with postsecondary education is higher than that of the general population. Seventeen percent of Francophones in the region have an undergraduate degree.

Francophones' unemployment rate is lower than that of the general population of the region, and their labour force participation is higher than the regional population's. In addition, the average employment income and total average income of Francophones in the region are substantially higher than those of the general population. Given the higher level of education in Central Ontario, not surprisingly, Francophones' average employment income and total average income are higher than in the other regions.

NORTHEASTERN ONTARIO

Northeastern Ontario has the highest concentration of Francophones: one person out of four is a Francophone. The percentage of Francophones born in Ontario is higher in this region than elsewhere in Ontario. More than four out of five Francophones were born in the province.

Francophones in Northeastern Ontario are socio-economically disadvantaged in comparison to Francophones in other regions, but this is also true of the region's general population. Overall, Northeastern Ontarians are less well off than the general population in other regions.

Francophones' level of education is lower in Northeastern Ontario than in the other regions. Only 6% of Francophones have an undergraduate degree. The level of education of the general population is lower in Northeastern Ontario than in the other regions as well. Francophones' average employment income and total income are lower than elsewhere in the province, as they are for the general population. Francophones' unemployment rate is higher in Northeastern Ontario, a trend that also applies to the general population.

NORTHWESTERN ONTARIO

Northwestern Ontario is home to less than 2% of the Francophone population. A relatively large percentage of Francophones in the region are from Quebec (30.8%). As in Northeastern Ontario, Francophones have a lower level of education and a relatively high unemployment rate, as does the general population of the region.

However, Francophones' average employment income and total income are substantially higher than in Northeastern Ontario, and the income of Francophones in the region is higher than the general population's. A relatively large percentage of Francophones work in the forestry and mining sectors (9% and 7.2%), compared to only 3% of the general population in the region.

SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO

Francophones in Southwestern Ontario represent less than 3% of the total population of the region, and this Francophone population is aging. Close to one out of four Francophones in the region is 65 and over, compared to 13% of the general population. Consequently, labour force participation is lower than elsewhere in Ontario.

EASTERN ONTARIO

Eastern Ontario is home to 40% of the province's Francophone population, and to 40% of the Francophone population from racial minorities. Eastern Ontario is the only region whose Francophone population increased between 1991 and 1996. Although Francophones are a smaller percentage of the total population than in Northeastern Ontario, retention of French is higher, perhaps in part because of the region's proximity to Quebec and the availability of French language media.

The level of education of Francophones in the region is relatively high, a trend that also applies to the general population, but Francophones' average employment income and total income are relatively low in comparison to other regions. The unemployment rate is lower than in Northeastern and Northwestern Ontario. A relatively large percentage of the Francophone population in the region are employed in the public sector–nearly one out of five Francophones, compared to 15% of the general population.

GLOSSARY & TECHNICAL NOTES

DEFINITIONS

From 1996 Statistics Canada Census Dictionary and Statistics Canada Census Consultation Guide.

Average Income
The average income refers to the mean income of individuals 15 years of age and over who reported income for 1995. Average income is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of a specified group of individuals by the number of individuals with income in that group.

Census Family
A census family refers to a now-married couple (with or without never-married sons and/or daughters of either or both spouses), a couple living common-law (with or without never-married sons and/or daughters of either or both partners), or a lone parent of any marital status, with at least one never-married son or daughter living in the same dwelling.

Census Family Income
The total income of a census family is the sum of the total incomes of all members of the family 15 years of age and over during the 1995 calendar year. The income includes wages and salaries, net farm income from self-employment, net non-farm income from an unincorporated business and/or professional practice, government transfer payments, investment income, retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities and other money income (2B variable). Designated Areas

The French Language Services Act guarantees each individual the right to receive provincial government services in French in 23 designated areas in Ontario. Designated areas are areas with 10 % or more of Francophones; urban centres with 5,000 or more Francophones; and areas previously designated by the Government of Ontario between 1978 and 1985.

Employment Income
Employment income refers to total income received by persons 15 years of age and over during the 1995 calendar year as wages and salaries, net income from a non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice and net farm self-employment income (2B variable).

Experienced Labour Force
Experienced labour force refers to persons 15 years of age and over who were employed or unemployed during the week (Sunday to Saturday) prior to Census Day, and who had last worked for pay or self-employment in either 1995 or in 1996 (2B variable). The experienced labour force is a subgroup which is frequently used when tabulating occupation and industry data.

First Official Language Spoken
First official language spoken refers to a variable specified within the framework of the implementation of the federal government's Official Languages Act. Knowledge of Official Languages, Mother Tongue and Home Language were used to derive the First Official Language Spoken.

Francophone Population
Francophones are defined by the mother tongue Census question: What was the language first learned at home in childhood and still understood? In this document, Francophones include persons with French as their mother tongue or as one of their mother tongues (French single and multiple responses).

Data from the short form (Form or Profile 2A) may not match data from the long form (Form of Profile 2B). For its analysis of the Francophone population as a whole, the Office of Francophone Affairs used data from the short form which was sent to 100% of the Ontario population. Socio-economic data on the Francophone population was taken from Form 2B. Statistical data from the 1996 Census used in the French language media is usually based on Form 2B.

Francophone Racial Minority Population
The Francophone racial minority population was determined using the Racial Minority variable in combination with the French First Official Language Spoken variable rather than French Mother Tongue. French First Official Language Spoken is a derived variable from the 3 questions on the Census: Mother Tongue, Home Language and Knowledge of Official Languages.

French First Official Language Spoken results in a very similar overall total when compared with French Mother Tongue for the Francophone population. However, it was found that when using it together with the Racial Minority variable, First Official Language Spoken resulted in a more comprehensive representation of the Francophone racial minority community than the Mother Tongue variable.

Home Language
Home language refers to the language spoken most often at home by the individual at the time of the census (2B variable).

Industrial Divisions
Industry (based on 1980 standard industrial classification) refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked, as indicated by the name of the employer and the kind of business, industry or service (2B variable).

Labour Force
Labour force refers to persons 15 years of age and over who were employed or unemployed during the week (Sunday to Saturday) prior to Census Day. Employed persons include those who did any work for pay or in self-employment. Unemployed persons include those who had actively looked for work in the past four weeks, persons who were on temporary lay-off and expected to return to their job and persons who had definite arrangements to start a new job in four weeks or less.

Levels of Schooling
Highest level of schooling refers to the highest grade or year of elementary or secondary school completed, or the highest year of university or other non-university completed. The completion of a degree, certificate or diploma is considered to be at a higher level than years completed or attended without an educational qualification. It is a 2B variable, reported for the population 15 years of age and over.

Major Field of Study
Major field of study refers to the predominant discipline or area of learning or training of a person's highest postsecondary degree, certificate or diploma (2B variable).

Mother Tongue
Mother tongue refers to the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the individual at the time of the census (2A variable). In the 2B questionnaire, the mother tongue question was asked after the three other questions on language.

Occupation
Occupation refers to the kind of work persons were doing during the reference week, as determined by their kind of work and the description of the most important duties in their job (2B variable). The 1996 occupation data is produced according to the 1991 Standard Occupational Classification, which comprises 10 broad occupational categories.

Participation Rate
Participation rate refers to the total labour force in the week (Sunday to Saturday) prior to Census Day, expressed as a percentage of the population 15 years of age and over (2B variable).

Racial Minority
According to the Federal Employment Equity Act (1986), racial (visible) minorities are persons (other than Aboriginal persons), who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour. Since 1996, racial minority data is drawn from responsesto a question on population groups. The following groups are included in the variable: Chinese, South Asian (e.g., East Indian, Pakistani, Punjabi, Sri Lankan), Black (e.g., African, Haitian, Jamaican, Somali), Arab/ West Asian (e.g., Armenian, Egyptian, Iranian, Lebanese, Moroccan), Filipino, South East Asian (e.g., Cambodian, Indonesian, Laotian, Vietnamese), Latin American, Japanese, Korean and other.

Prior to the 1996 Census, the ethnic origin question from the Census was used to define racial minorities in conjunction with other information such as place of birth, mother tongue, language and religion.

Rural Areas
Rural areas are those areas lying outside urban areas. Urban areas are defined as those which have a population concentration of at least 1,000 and a population density of at least 400 persons per square kilometre, at the time of the previous census.

Total Individual Income
Total individual income refers to the total money received from the following sources during the 1995 calendar year by persons 15 years of age and over: total wages and salaries, net income from an unincorporated non-farm business and/or professional practice, net farm self-employment income, government transfer payments (Old Age Security pension and Guaranteed Income Supplement, Canada Pension Plan and Quebec Pension Plan benefits, Unemployment Insurance benefits, Federal Child Tax benefits, other income from government sources), investment income (dividends, interest and other investment income), retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities and other money income (2B variable).

Unemployment Rate
The unemployment rate refers to the unemployed labour force expressed as a percentage of the total labour force in the week (Sunday to Saturday) prior to Census Day (2B variable).

Wife-Husband Families
Wife and husband refer to persons of different sex who are legally married to each other and living in the same dwelling (2B, Census Family Status variable).

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To request a copy of this document contact:
Office of Francophone Affairs
Government of Ontario
777 Bay Street, 6th floor
Toronto, Ontario  M7A 2J4

Questions regarding the document, please phone
416 325-4949 or 1 800 268-7507 toll-free
416 325-0017 TTY
E-mail: ofa@ontario.ca
Fax: 416 325-4980
Web: www.ofa.gov.on.ca
ISBN: 0-7778-9055-0

Copyright Agreement
Any quotation from this data must include a reference to the Office of Francophone Affairs and Statistics Canada as the data source. This document or excerpts from this document can be copied but are not to be sold.
October 1999

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